Which of the following processes are exothermic?

Which of the following processes are exothermic?

a. N2(g)⟶2N(g)
b. H2O(l)⟶H2O(s)
c. Cl2(g)⟶2Cl(g)
d. 2H2(g)+O2(g)⟶2H2O(g)
e. O2(g)⟶2O(g)