- In sharp contrast to western Europe, the Indian cities did not mushroom in the 19th century.
- The pace of urbanisation in India was slow under the colonial rule.
- In the early 20th century, not more than 11 per cent of Indians were living in the cities.
- A large proportion of these urban dwellers were residents of the three Presidency cities, the multifunctional cities, having major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.
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